What Are Arteriovenous Malformations?
The vascular system relies on blood vessels to transport fluids, nutrients, and waste products to various body parts. Each blood vessel must perform its assigned role for the whole system to function efficiently. However, there are instances when the vessels form and perform differently, leading to various complications. Arteriovenous malformations are an example of a vascular complication stemming from irregular blood vessels formation. What are arteriovenous malformations, how do they form, what are their symptoms, and are they treatable? Read on for
more information regarding arteriovenous malformations.
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a vascular condition where blood vessels connecting veins and arteries get abnormally tangled. This entanglement disrupts normal oxygen circulation and blood flow. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the brain, while veins move deoxygenated blood back to the lungs and heart. AVMs disrupt this crucial cyclical process, and the surrounding tissues don't get enough oxygenated blood.
An AVM can form anywhere in the body. However, those that form in the spine and brain present greater risks when they bleed. These AVMs are formed during embryological development as the brain, and other blood vessels are formed.
Arteriovenous malformations grow and change with time. This change is recorded and organized using the Schobinger staging system. Depending on various factors, some AVMs may not go through every stage.
These stages are;
Stage 1 (Quiescence) – The AVM is barely noticeable and 'quiet.' The skin directly on top may get warm and develop a pinkish-red color.
Stage 2 (Expansion) – The AVM starts growing, and a pulse may be felt where it's located.
Stage 3 (Destruction) – The AVM leads to bleeding, discomfort, pain, and ulcers.
Stage 4 (Decompensation) – Depending on the location, nature, and severity of the AVM, it can lead to heart failure.
Currently, the cause of arteriovenous malformations is not well understood, and more research is needed in the field. While certain genetics may play a role in the formation of AVMs, the condition is not hereditary.
What are the different types of arteriovenous malformations?
AVMs can be categorized into various types that include;
True arteriovenous malformations: These are the most common type of brain vascular malformation and consist of abnormal vessels connecting veins and arteries with no normal intervening brain tissues.
Occult arteriovenous malformations: Also known as cryptic or cavernous AVMs, they form in the brain but do not actively divert a lot of blood from the brain. Cryptic AVM may lead to seizures when they bleed.
Venous malformation: These abnormalities are only formed in the veins.
Dural fistula: There are three main types of Dural fistula, namely sagittal sinus and scalp, transverse-sigmoid sinus, and Dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. They form on the covering of the brain known as the Dura matter.
What are the symptoms of arteriovenous malformations?
AVMs are mostly noted during birth. However, many patients don't bleed, with about 12% of patients diagnosed with AVM showing no symptoms. Usually, AVMs bleed during puberty, pregnancy, or after injury or trauma. Associative AVM symptoms may include;
Seizures
Muscle weakness and paralysis
Difficulty in completing organizational tasks
Loss of coordination
Mental confusion
Visual disturbances
Memory deficits
Language problems
Hallucinations
Dementia
If you experience these symptoms, you should visit a vascular specialist for testing. The diagnostic tests include a combination of angiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
AVM management and treatment procedures typically involve preventing new or recurring hemorrhages resulting from raptures. Depending on the location and severity of the arteriovenous malformation, doctors may use different treatment and management techniques to
control the condition. Visit Washington Vascular Specialists for more information on AVM as well as state-of-the-art management and treatment services.
